The Principles Classification of State explains how political thinkers have historically categorized states based on who holds supreme power and whose interests that power serves. Originating with Aristotle, this framework distinguishes between pure and corrupt forms of rule by examining whether governance promotes the common good or selfish interests. While influential, these principles have faced … Read more

The Idealistic or Metaphysical Theory of the State presents the state as a supreme moral and spiritual entity essential for human freedom, ethics, and civilization. Rooted in the philosophies of Plato, Aristotle, Kant, and Hegel, this theory elevates the state above individuals, viewing it as an end in itself rather than a mere means to … Read more

Social Contract Theory is a foundational idea in moral and political philosophy explaining how states justify authority over individuals. Originating during the Age of Enlightenment with thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, the theory explores how people move from a “state of nature” to civil society through an implied agreement granting legitimacy to government power … Read more

The Organismic Theory of the State views the state as a living, organic entity rather than a legal fiction or a mechanical construction. Rooted in biological analogy, this theory explains political organization by comparing society to a living organism whose individuals function like interdependent cells. Distinguished from the juridical theory, which treats the state as … Read more

The Juridical Theory of the State views the state primarily as a legal institution—an organized authority responsible for creating, interpreting, and enforcing law. Unlike sociological or biological theories, this approach treats the state as a juridical person, capable of rights, duties, and collective legal action. Developed mainly by analytical, historical, and sociological jurists, the theory … Read more

The Doctrine of State Sovereignty has long been regarded as the cornerstone of political and legal theory. However, periods of political upheaval and social transformation—particularly since the sixteenth century—have produced sustained intellectual attacks on the necessity, existence, and relevance of sovereignty as an essential element of the state. Influential jurists such as Laband, Jellinek, Duguit, … Read more

The Soviet concept of “Limited Sovereignty” represents a fundamental departure from the classical Western doctrine of absolute state sovereignty. Emerging from Marxist-Leninist political theory and reaching its most explicit form under the Brezhnev Doctrine, this concept asserted that a socialist state’s sovereignty could be restricted when its actions threatened the interests of the broader socialist … Read more

Austin’s Theory of Sovereignty.  Theory:  If a determinate human superior not in the habit of like superior obedience but receives habitual obedience from the bulk of given society, then that society is political and independent, and that sovereign is the determinate human superior. Definition of Law and Sovereignty:- A conception of sovereignty, which has been … Read more

The indivisibility of sovereignty has long been regarded as a foundational principle of political theory and constitutional law. Classical theorists such as Jean Bodin, John C. Calhoun, Hans J. Morgenthau, and Jellinek argued that sovereignty, by its very nature, must remain unified and supreme within a state. To divide it is not merely impractical—it is … Read more

Sovereignty is the defining feature of any state, encompassing permanence, exclusiveness, unity, all-comprehensiveness, inalienability, imprescriptibility, indivisibility, and absoluteness. These attributes ensure that the state maintains supreme authority over its territory and population, safeguarding its identity and power. From historical debates to modern interpretations, sovereignty remains central to political and legal theory. “Sovereignty is the very … Read more